ELECTRONIC JOURNAL

• Define as the journal that may take two different forms:
• Journal that published in print form or digital form
• Electronic –only journal, which is produced, published and distributed via electronic medium.

  Advantages

• Instant access
• Issues can be unbundled.
• Issues are directly loadable into an electronic database.
• Proofreading can be done by authors
• Electronic storage is more efficient than that for print volumes.
• Paperless, but it has to be recognized that readers may want a printout of the articles they are interested in.

Disadvantages

• Hardware and software are required
• Training
• Peer review is less common
• Graphics are problematic
• Copyright is undecided.
• Archives(records) are hard to maintain

Types of Electronic Journal

Types of electronic journal may be classified in various way such as:

• By location
• By products
• By Availability of print products
• By Types of Technology Applied
• By Price
• By Peer Review

Characteristics

• Limited Cost
• Global Distribution
• Very Satisfactory Quality of Reproduction of Image
• Electronic subscription and sending in of articles
• Personalized Subscription
• Possibility of reliable analysis of readership
• Use of hypertext
• Digital Storage
• Good Communication between the author and reader
• Commercial Independence

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LISTSERVE || NEWSGROUPS || TELNET || GOPHER || VERONICA || WAIS

LISTSERVE

• First electronic mailing list software application, consisting of a set of email addresses for a group in which the sender can send one email and it will reach a variety of people.
• Also called “distribution lists” or “discussion forums”
• Lists of users hold a discussion about a particular subject.
• Distribution lists are free and very satisfactory
• This system is one of those with easiest access via the Internet, since it only requires the ability to send e-mail.
• There are two types of distribution lists:

• Moderated-The lists maintained by a single person, whose active participation is necessary for maintaining the list. This type is sometimes called a mailing list. The owner may edit the message in this type.
• Unmoderated- The lists that do not require the intervention of anybody, to be maintained, since all the messages are managed by software, which does all the work. This type is called Listserve.

Advantages Of Listserve

1. Information exchange
2. Does not require full access to the Internet.
3. Great independence to the user.

There are major four listservers which provides distribution lists:

1. ListServe
2. Listprocessor
3. Majordomo
4. Mailbase

NEWSGROUPS

• Worldwide system for the electronic exchange of news and views on a particular topic.
• Also referred to as Usenet News.
• Usenet is a discussion forum similar to distribution lists.
• On the Usenet the messages are stored on notice board rather than distribution.
• You do not need to subscribe to a newsgroup.
• To participate in global distributed discussion system you must have the following facilities:
• Your Internet provider must offer a “news feed” service
• You must have a client on your computer that can interpret data sent from an NNTP server. This will take the form of a dedicated newsreader, or your web browser if it has been “news enabled

TELNET(TELETYPE NETWORK)

• Telnet is a protocol that is most commonly used to log into a remote computer.
• Telnet act as a terminal emulator.
• Telnet is the protocol that enables one computer to connect to other computer. This process is also referred to as remote login.
• The user’s computer which initiates the connection is referred to as the local computer.
• The machine being connected to which accepts the connection is referred to as remote or host computer.
• Once connected, the user’s computer emulates the remote computer. When the user types in commands, they are executed on the remote computer.
• Telnet environment is based on text, as it does not support the graphical interface.
• To get access via Telnet, you need an access code

#Using Telnet, you can

• Send email
• Download source code from websites
• Send unexpected input to web servers that can give you amazing and illegal results.
• Give arbitrary(random) input to many other services on Internet host computers
• Probe the services offered by servers, routers and even people’s home computers.

#There are two ways of using the Telnet tool:

• The input mode
• Input mode allows you to establish the connection and use the remote computer
• The command mode
• Command mode is used to set the parameters to Telnet

GOPHER

• It is a hierarchical menu-based system for exploring the Internet.
• Gopher is a protocol designed to search, retrieve and display documents from remote sites on the Internet.
• Originally Gopher had text based interface then it has evolved greatly, becoming a tool for obtaining multimedia data.
• You can access Gopher by means of Telnet, although the menu options cannot be selected with the mouse.
• Information accessible via gopher is stored on many coputers all over the Internet. These computers are called gopher servers.
• Servers do not just contain a files, directories and searchable databases, they can also contain references to other servers.
• To retrieve and search this information, you need to run a gopher client application on your computer.
• Information stored on many kinds of non-gopher servers is also available via special gopher servers that act as gateways.
• Gopher was created as a piece of software to utilize some of the services that were becoming available on the Internet.
• It was designed to work with a variety of different Internet stand alone services.

Characteristics

• Ease of use with user interface based on menus
• It offers the possibility of discovering sources of information on the Internet without needing to know their location.
• Gopher server automatically directs the search to the address, where what you want to see is stored.

VERONICA

• Veronica is a tool which simplifies the search for resources in Gopher.
• Veronica comes from “Very Easy Rodent Oriented Networked Index of Computerized Archives”
• Veronica starts the search on the Gopher menus, from which you select “GOPHER-space search” or the name veronica, by keying in a keyword.
• It gives you Gopher addresses with the keyword on their menus.
• You can choose which of these sources in order to enter them.
• While searching following things must be in consideration:
• Search is not case sensitive
• Veronica does not carry out searches in the complete text of the resources available on the Internet.

Types of Search Using VERONICA

• Searching GOPHER space by keywords in titles- This type locates all types of resources that have title containing the keyword.
• Searching GOPHER directories only for keywords in titles- It searches only for directories in which the keyword is contained in the title.
• Simplified Veronica- When you select the option, veronica asks you for the keyword or words you want, together with additional information to control the search:
• Simple search
• Search by more than one keyword
• Search for word roots
• Search by types of Gopher
• Specification of the number of resources analyzed

WAIS(WIDE AREA INFORMATION SERVERS)

• It is a tool designed to search for information on the Internet by means of the keyword and provide as a result a list of the resources related to the keyword, ordering them according to the number of times the keyword appears in the document.
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• WAIS searches for the keyword , selected by the user in the text of the files stored on the network.
• 
  
• It is a system of searching in the complete text, not just on the menus or in the names of files.
• 
  
• WAIS uses Natural Query Language
• 
  
• The query is put into the system in natural language and WAIS discounts the irrelevant words and starts to search for the keywords

Searching For Documents With WAIS

• You can gain access to WAIS in various ways:
• Using a client program
• Making a connection with quake.think.com and login as wais
• Entering WAIS via WWW .

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Domain Name Service && IP Address

Domain Name Service

• Domain name is a way to identify and locate computers connected to the Internet.
• No two organizations can have the same domain name.
• A domain name always contains two or more components separated by periods, called dots(“.”)
• Once a domain name has been established , ”Sub domains "can be created within the domain.

#The structure for this is:

• Hostname.subdomain.second-leveldomain.top-leveldomain
• DNS as a whole consists of a network of servers that map Internet domain names like www.google.co.in to a local IP addresses.
• DNS enables domain names to stay constant while the underlying network topology and IP address change.
• Each domain name corresponds to numeric IP addresses.
• The Internet uses the numeric IP address to send data.

#For instance,

• You may be connecting to a World Wide Web server with the domain name www.microsoft.com”, but as far as network is concerned, you are connecting to the web server with the IP address associated with that domain name.
  E.g. IP address for www.microsoft.com is 192.11.1.1
• Domain Name System completes the task of matching the domain names to IP addresses.
• Domain names and their corresponding IP addresses, must be unique.
• Domain Name System is a collection of databases that contain information about domain names and their corresponding IP addressing
• Domain Name Servers are computers that translate domain names to IP addresses.
• This system allows the Internet users to deal with the more sensitive domain names, rather than having to remember a series of numbers.
• Domain name space is a hierarchical ,tree structured name space, starting at an unnamed root used  for  all DNS operations.
• In DNS name space, each node and leaf in the domain name space tree represents a named domain.Each domain can have additional child domains.

#There are three components of DNS:

• Resolver
• Name server
• Database of resource records(RRs)

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Define Web Hosting & Virtual Private Network & Voice Over Network

Web Hosting || Virtual Private Network || Voice Over Network

WEB HOSTING

• It is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations to make their own website accessible via world wide web.
• To put your web site on the Internet you need three things:

1. Domain name is an identification label that identify IP resources such as web sites.
   E.g. www.google.com
2. Web host account is the account hosting companies
3. Web site is a site created by the user.

VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK

• It is a group of computer systems, connected to a private network.
• It is secure way of connecting to a private LAN at a remote location using Internet.
• VPN’s include encryption, strong authentication of remote users or hosts, and mechanisms for hiding or masking information about the private network topology from potential attackers on the public network.

VOICE OVER INTERNET

• Internet telephony is the new technology, where phone calls can be made in any part of the world through the internet.
• There are various web sites offering Net Telephony services like Net2phone, Vocal tec, net meeting.
• Family of internet technologies, communications protocols and transmission technologies for delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over IP networks, such as Internet.

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